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Hoàng Thị Bích Ngọc đang tìm kiếm từ khóa Is the output that a system is capable of achieving over a period of time. được Update vào lúc : 2022-11-29 13:10:18 . Với phương châm chia sẻ Bí quyết về trong nội dung bài viết một cách Chi Tiết 2022. Nếu sau khi tham khảo nội dung bài viết vẫn ko hiểu thì hoàn toàn có thể lại Comment ở cuối bài để Tác giả lý giải và hướng dẫn lại nha.What Is Inventory Management?
Inventory management refers to the process of ordering, storing, using, and selling a company's inventory. This includes the management of raw materials, components, and finished products, as well as warehousing and processing of such items.
Nội dung chính Show- What Is Inventory Management? Key Takeaways Understanding Inventory Management Accounting for
Inventory Inventory Management Methods Is the maximum rate of output for a process?Which of the following is the capacity utilization rate?In which production system does the product remain in one place while resources travel to the product when needed?What is the correct definition of the capacity of a resource?
Key Takeaways
- Inventory management is the entire process of managing inventories from raw materials to finished products.Inventory management tries to efficiently streamline inventories to avoid both gluts and shortages.Two major methods for inventory management are just-in-time (JIT) and materials requirement
planning (MRP).
Understanding Inventory Management
A company's inventory is one of its most valuable assets. In retail, manufacturing, food services, and other inventory-intensive sectors, a company's inputs and finished products are the core of its business. A shortage of inventory when and where it's needed can be extremely detrimental.
At the same time, inventory can be thought of as a liability (if not in an accounting sense). A large inventory carries the risk of spoilage, theft, damage, or shifts in demand. Inventory must be insured, and if it is not sold in time it may have to be disposed of clearance prices—or simply destroyed.
For these reasons, inventory management is important for businesses of any size. Knowing when to restock inventory, what amounts to purchase or produce, what price to pay—as well as when to sell and what price—can easily become complex decisions. Small businesses will often keep track of stock manually and determine the reorder points and quantities using spreadsheet (Excel) formulas. Larger businesses will use specialized enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. The largest corporations use highly customized software as a service (SaaS) applications.
Appropriate inventory management strategies vary depending on the industry. An oil depot is able to store large amounts of inventory for extended periods of time, allowing it to wait for demand to pick up. While storing oil is expensive and risky—a fire in the UK in 2005 led to millions of pounds in damage and fines—there is no risk that the inventory will spoil or go out of style. For businesses dealing in perishable goods or products for which demand is extremely time-sensitive—2022 calendars or fast-fashion items, for example—sitting on inventory is not an option, and misjudging the timing or quantities of orders can be costly.
For companies with complex supply chains and manufacturing processes, balancing the risks of inventory gluts and shortages is especially difficult. To achieve these balances, firms have developed several methods for inventory management, including just-in-time (JIT) and materials requirement planning (MRP).
Some firms like financial services firms do not have physical inventory and so must rely on service process management.
Accounting for Inventory
Inventory represents a current asset since a company typically intends to sell its finished goods within a short amount of time, typically a year. Inventory has to be physically counted or measured before it can be put on a balance sheet. Companies typically maintain sophisticated inventory management systems capable of tracking real-time inventory levels.
Inventory is accounted for using one of three methods: first-in-first-out (FIFO) costing; last-in-first-out (LIFO) costing; or weighted-average costing. An inventory account typically consists of four separate categories:
Raw materials — represent various materials a company purchases for its production process. These materials must undergo significant work before a company can transform them into a finished good ready for sale. Work in process (also known as goods-in-process) — represents raw materials in the process of being transformed into a finished product.Finished goods — are completed products readily available for sale to a company's customers.Merchandise — represents finished goods a company buys from a supplier for future resale.Inventory Management Methods
Depending on the type of business or product being analyzed, a company will use various inventory management methods. Some of these management methods include just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing, materials requirement planning (MRP), economic order quantity (EOQ), and days sales of inventory (DSI).
- Just-in-Time Management (JIT) — This manufacturing model originated in Nhật bản in the 1960s and 1970s. Toyota Motor
(TM) contributed the most to its development. The method allows companies to save significant amounts of money and reduce waste by keeping only the inventory they need to produce and sell products. This approach reduces storage and insurance costs, as well as the cost of liquidating or
discarding excess inventory. JIT inventory management can be risky. If demand unexpectedly spikes, the manufacturer may not be able to source the inventory it needs to meet that demand, damaging its reputation with customers and driving business toward competitors. Even the smallest delays can be problematic; if a key input does not arrive "just in time," a bottleneck can result.Materials requirement planning (MRP) — This inventory management method is sales-forecast
dependent, meaning that manufacturers must have accurate sales records to enable accurate planning of inventory needs and to communicate those needs with materials suppliers in a timely manner. For example, a ski manufacturer using an MRP inventory system might ensure that materials such as plastic, fiberglass, wood, and aluminum are in stock based on forecasted orders. Inability to accurately forecast sales and plan inventory acquisitions results in a
manufacturer's inability to fulfill orders.Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) — This model is used in inventory management by calculating the number of units a company should add to its inventory with each batch order to reduce the total costs of its inventory while assuming constant consumer demand. The costs of inventory in the model include holding and setup costs. The EOQ model seeks to ensure that the right amount of inventory is ordered per batch so a
company does not have to make orders too frequently and there is not an excess of inventory sitting on hand. It assumes that there is a trade-off between inventory holding costs and inventory setup costs, and total inventory costs are minimized when both setup costs and holding costs are minimized.Days sales of inventory (DSI) — is a financial ratio that indicates the average time in days that a company takes to turn its inventory, including goods
that are a work in progress, into sales. DSI is also known as the average age of inventory, days inventory outstanding (DIO), days in inventory (DII), days sales in inventory or days inventory and is interpreted in multiple ways. Indicating the liquidity of the inventory, the figure represents how many days a company’s current stock of inventory will last. Generally, a lower DSI is preferred as it indicates a shorter duration to clear off the inventory, though the average
DSI varies from one industry to another.
There are other methods to analyze inventory. If a company frequently switches its method of inventory accounting without reasonable justification, it is likely its management is trying to paint a brighter picture of its business than what is true. The SEC requires public companies to disclose LIFO reserve that can make inventories under LIFO costing comparable to FIFO costing.
Frequent inventory write-offs can indicate a company's issues with selling its finished goods or inventory obsolescence. This can also raise red flags with a company's ability to stay competitive and manufacture products that appeal to consumers going forward.
Is the maximum rate of output for a process?
Capacity is the maximum rate of output for a process.Which of the following is the capacity utilization rate?
What Is Capacity Utilization Rate? Capacity utilization rate measures the percentage of an organization's potential output that is actually being realized. The capacity utilization rate of a company or a national economy may be measured in order to provide insight into how well it is reaching its potential.In which production system does the product remain in one place while resources travel to the product when needed?
Fixed-Position Layout: Staying Put A fixed-position layout lets the product stay in one place while workers and machinery move to it as needed.What is the correct definition of the capacity of a resource?
Capacity, in the context of resource capacity as it pertains to project management, is the amount of time a resource or group of resources is available for productive work in any given time frame. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết Is the output that a system is capable of achieving over a period of time.